The role of simulation in training breast surgeons: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: As surgical education has evolved, most curricula have favoured a competency-based approach over traditional apprenticeship models. Surgical simulation can be a useful aide in the training of both oncological and reconstructive breast surgery trainees. This review investigates the extent to which simulation of breast surgery procedures has been validated as a training tool. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search for studies evaluating the objective validity of breast surgery simulators was performed, using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases. Studies assessing construct, concurrent or predictive validity were included, as well as those demonstrating skill acquisition. FINDINGS: The initial literature search returned 1,625 hits, with only five articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Simulators were designed to train procedures such as breast augmentation, lesion biopsy and excision. Of these, breast biopsy was the most simulated procedure (three studies). Two studies evaluated animal models, two evaluated synthetic models and one study assessed both a synthetic and animal model. Construct validity was confirmed in two studies, concurrent validity in one study and a learning curve demonstrated in another study. No association between experience and performance was seen in the remaining study. The quality of the evidence presented in each article was low due to numerous limitations. Despite the abundance of breast surgery simulators created for trainees, few have been objectively validated and they only cover a narrow range of breast procedures. Although early results are promising, further studies are required before routine use of simulators is considered in breast surgery curricula.

The 2018 Compensation Survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: There is limited compensation data for breast surgery benchmarking. In 2018, the American Society of Breast Surgeons conducted its second membership survey to obtain updated compensation data as well as information on practice type and setting. METHODS: In October 2018, a survey was emailed to 2676 active members. Detailed information on compensation was collected, as well as data on gender, training, years in and type of practice, percent devoted to breast surgery, workload, and location. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the impact of various factors on compensation. RESULTS: The response rate was 38.2% (n = 1022, of which 73% were female). Among the respondents, 61% practiced breast surgery exclusively and 54% were fellowship trained. The majority of fellowship-trained surgeons within 5 years of completion of training (n = 126) were female (91%). Overall, mean annual compensation was $370,555. On univariate analysis, gender, years of practice, practice type, academic position, ownership, percent breast practice, and clinical productivity were associated with compensation, whereas fellowship training, region, and practice setting were not. On multivariate analysis, higher compensation was significantly associated with male gender, years in practice, number of cancers treated per year, and wRVUs. Compensation was lower among surgeons who practiced 100% breast compared with those who did a combination of breast and other surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in compensation among breast surgeons were identified by practice type, academic position, ownership, years of practice, percent breast practice, workload, and gender. Overall, mean annual compensation increased by $40,000 since 2014.

The learning curve of robotic nipple sparing mastectomy for breast cancer: An analysis of consecutive 39 procedures with cumulative sum plot.

BACKGROUND: The preliminary experience and learning curve of robotic nipple sparing mastectomy (R-NSM) in the management of breast cancer were analyzed and reported. METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent R-NSM for breast cancer during the period of March 2017 to June 2018 were collected from the same surgeon in a single institute. Data on clinicopathologic characteristics, type of surgery, method of breast reconstruction, and operation time were prospective collected. Learning curve of R-NSM was evaluated and analyzed by the cumulative sum (CUSUM) plot method. RESULTS: A total of 39 consecutive R-NSM procedures from 35 patients were analyzed. The time needed for "docking", "R-NSM", and "R-NSM and immediate prosthesis breast reconstruction (IPBR)" decreased after cases experience accumulated, and in mature phase procedures could finished within 10 min, 100mins, and 240 min, separately. In CUSUM plots analysis of learning curve, the cases needed to decrease operation time for "docking", "R-NSM", and "total time for R-NSM and IPBR" were 13th, 13th, and 12th procedures separately. Mastectomy weight and lymph node metastasis were factors related to operation time. The rate of total nipple areolar complex necrosis for R-NSM was 0%. One (2.9%, 1/35) R-NSM procedure was found to have positive margin involved in the final pathologic check-up. No implant loss, or local recurrence was observed during a mean follow-up of 8.6 ±â€¯4.5 (1.3-16.7) months. CONCLUSION: From our preliminary experience, R-NSM and IPBR (or R-NSM alone) is a safe procedure, and the operation time needed significantly decrease after cases experience accumulated.

Oncoplastic and reconstructive breast surgery in Canada: breaking new ground in general surgical training

Summary: Oncoplastic breast surgery combines certain plastic surgery procedures with a breast cancer resection to minimize the cosmetic penalty. We compared current practices in breast surgery in Canada and the UK, looking at the classification of oncoplastic breast surgery, management of larger tumours that would otherwise mandate a mastectomy, and the breast surgeon's role in immediate breast reconstruction. Reconstructive breast surgery has always fallen within the domain of the plastic surgeon, but surgical subspecialization and more focused fellowship training have meant that breast surgeons with the appropriate skillset can offer these procedures. This evolution of the breast surgeon has led to the birth of a new field of breast surgery known as oncoplastic and reconstructive breast surgery. Those tasked with developing surgical training programs in Canada must now decide whether to train breast surgeons in these techniques to improve long-term quality of life among Canadian patients with breast cancer.

The effects of a video-based education in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer in Singapore.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational video among women who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer on knowledge, anxiety, and satisfaction with their surgical decision. METHODS: A pre-post-test design was used to evaluate knowledge, anxiety, and satisfaction levels with decision-making regarding surgery among women with breast cancer. A purposive sampling strategy was implemented to compare outcomes of newly diagnosed breast cancer women who received standard of care that included breast care nurse counseling sessions and written materials to women who received standard of care plus a supplement educational video. Knowledge and anxiety scores were collected at baseline and 2 weeks post-operatively. Satisfaction with decision (SWD) on the nature of surgery was gathered 2 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-two subjects were recruited in a Singapore tertiary cancer center with a cohort of 32 women in the non-video group and 30 women in the video group. There was a statistically significant interaction effect of group and time (p = .008), wherein knowledge increased for both groups, although the increase was steeper for the video group. Both groups had significantly lower anxiety at post-implementation compared to pre-implementation (p < .001). There were no differences in SWD scores in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of an additional video-based education significantly increased breast cancer knowledge levels among women in the educational video group. Nurses and healthcare professionals should focus on identifying individual informational needs based on surgical options to provide personalize care and transfer the necessary knowledge in empowering woman's decision-making process on her nature of breast surgery.

Fifteen-Year Decrease in General Surgery Resident Breast Operative Experience: Are We Training Proficient Breast Surgeons?

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to evaluate trends in general surgery resident breast cases over the past 15 years. STUDY DESIGN: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Case Logs Statistics Reports from 2000 to 2015 were reviewed for average breast-specific case numbers and trends over time. ACGME data were available for all cases and breast-specific cases including the following: excisional biopsy/lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and sentinel lymph node excision. SETTING: The study evaluation was conducted at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS: No individuals directly participated in this project. However, all general surgery residents at ACGME-accredited programs are represented in this analysis by virtue of the ACGME Case Logs Statistics Reports. RESULTS: Total residency case volume increased by 2% (2000-2015, p = 0.0159), with 2015 graduates logging 985.5 cases. In contrast, breast cases decreased by 17.1%. The largest drops were in modified radical mastectomy (61.5% decrease, p = 0.0001) and excisional biopsy/lumpectomy (25.8% decrease). Simple mastectomy increased from 6.0 to 10.8 cases (p = 0.0001). Sentinel lymph node excision fluctuated, but has been down-trending recently (67.3% decrease from 2010 to 2015, p = 0.0001). Decreased experience is occurring at both junior and senior resident levels. CONCLUSIONS: Breast case operative experience for general surgery residents decreased by 17% between 2000 and 2015, despite increase in overall operative volume. Residents have less experience in more advanced cases including axillary management, raising concern about the proficiency of graduating surgeons with respect to these procedures. It is reasonable to set national minimums for resident breast operative experience to ensure that individuals are appropriately trained to perform these cases in practice.

Attending Surgeon Variation in Operative Case Length: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement.

Balancing resident education with operating room (OR) efficiency, while accommodating different styles of surgical educators and learners, is a challenging task. We sought to evaluate variability in operative time for breast surgery cases. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs of breast operations from 2011 to 2017 for current surgical residents at Loma Linda University were correlated with patient records. The main outcome measure was operative time. Breast cases were assessed as these operations are performed during all postgraduate years (PGY). Breast procedures were grouped according to similarity. Variables analyzed included attending surgeon, PGY level, procedure type, month of operation, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class. Of 606 breast cases reviewed, median overall operative time was 150 minutes (interquartile range 187-927). One-way analysis of covariance demonstrated statistically significant variation in operative time by attending surgeon controlling for covariates (PGY level, procedure, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and month) (P = 0.04). With institutional OR costs of $30 per minute, the average difference between slowest and fastest surgeon was $2400 per case [(218-138) minutes × $30/min]. Minimizing variability for common procedures performed by surgical educators may enhance OR efficiency. However, the impact of case length on surgical resident training requires careful consideration.

Mastotrainer new version: realistic simulator for training in breast surgery.

The "Mastotrainer" was introduced as a new concept of simulators for use in surgical training. Simulators of this type are critical as the use of cadavers is limited or prohibited in some countries. The Mastotrainer has proved very useful in training various surgical techniques, with the first version of the simulator being focused on breast augmentation and reconstruction following mastectomy. This current project explores use of a new version of the surgical simulator that can facilitate a broader spectrum of procedures in the training of breast surgeons as well as plastic and reconstructive surgeons in order to achieve better outcomes. With this new version of the mastotrainer, larger and ptotic breasts provides hands-on training for preoperative markings, various mammaplasty techniques, including breast conserving surgery, reconstructive lumpectomy and oncoplastic procedures. It is valuable for training oncologic, aesthetic and/or reconstructive breast surgeries.

Formación en cirugía mamaria en España / Training in breast surgery in Spain

La cirugía de la mama forma parte fundamental en la formación y competencia de la cirugía general en España, constituyendo un «área frontera» asumida eficientemente por cirujanos y ginecólogos. El objetivo fundamental del proceso formativo está constituido por el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama, que incluye la cirugía conservadora y las técnicas oncoplásticas y reconstructivas. En este artículo, se realiza un análisis de la situación actual de la formación en cirugía mamaria en nuestro país y se plantean esquemáticamente los posibles objetivos de los diversos programas formativos, para optimizar el acceso y la capacitación de los residentes y cirujanos en esta área teniendo en cuenta el RD 639/2014 y la normativa europea. Resulta prioritario concretar el nivel de formación que se pretende alcanzar, en relación con el grupo de profesionales a quien va dirigido, teniendo en cuenta su ámbito competencial: residente de cirugía, formación continuada y especial dedicación a esta área

Breast surgery is a key part of training and competency in general surgery in Spain and is a "frontier area" that can be efficiently managed by general surgeons and gynecologists. The main objective of the training process consists of the surgical treatment of breast cancer, including conservative surgery, oncoplastic and reconstructive techniques. This article analyses the current status of breast surgery training in Spain and schematically proposes potential targets of the different training programs, to improve access and training for surgeons and residents in this area, taking into account the RD 639/2014 and European regulation. The priority is to specify the level of training that should be achieved, in relation to the group of professionals involved, considering their area of competency: surgery resident, educational programs, and surgeons with special dedication to this area

Training in breast surgery in Spain. / Formación en cirugía mamaria en España.

Breast surgery is a key part of training and competency in general surgery in Spain and is a "frontier area" that can be efficiently managed by general surgeons and gynecologists. The main objective of the training process consists of the surgical treatment of breast cancer, including conservative surgery, oncoplastic and reconstructive techniques. This article analyses the current status of breast surgery training in Spain and schematically proposes potential targets of the different training programs, to improve access and training for surgeons and residents in this area, taking into account the RD 639/2014 and European regulation. The priority is to specify the level of training that should be achieved, in relation to the group of professionals involved, considering their area of competency: surgery resident, educational programs, and surgeons with special dedication to this area.

What is a Breast Surgeon Worth? A Salary Survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Breast surgeons negotiating employment agreements have little national data available. To reduce this knowledge gap, the Education Committee of the American Society of Breast Surgeons conducted a survey of its membership. METHODS: In 2014, survey questionnaires were sent to society members. Data collected included gender, type of practice, percentage devoted to breast surgery, volume of breast cases, work relative value units, location, benefits, and salary. Descriptive statistics were provided, and a multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the impact of various potential factors on salary. RESULTS: Of the 2784 members, a total of 843 observations were included. Overall, 54% of respondents dedicated 100 % of their practice to breast surgery, 64.3% were female, and 40% were fellowship-trained in breast surgery or surgical oncology. The mean income in 2013 was $330.7k. Results from a multinomial model showed gender (p < 0.0001), ownership (p = 0.03), years of practice (p < 0.0001), practice setting (p < 0.0001), practice volume (p < 0.0001), and geographic location (p = 0.05) were statistically significant. After adjusting for other variables, the expected income was higher for males ($378k vs. $310k). The lowest expected income by practice setting was in solo private practice ($249.2k), followed by single-specialty private practice ($285.8k), and academic ($308.5k), with the highest being multispecialty group private practice ($346.6k) and hospital-employed practice ($368.0k). Practice 100% dedicated to breast surgery had a lower than expected income ($326k vs. $343k). CONCLUSIONS: Salary-specific data for breast surgeons are limited, and differences in salary were seen across geographic regions, type of practice, and gender. This type of breast-surgeon-specific data may be helpful in ensuring equitable compensation.

Does practice make perfect? Resident experience with breast surgery influences excision adequacy.

BACKGROUND: The adequacy of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for invasive or in situ disease is largely determined by the final surgical margins. Although margin status is associated with various clinicopathologic features, the influence of resident involvement remains controversial. METHODS: Patients who underwent BCS for malignancy from 2009 to 2012 were identified. The effects of various clinicopathologic characteristics and resident involvement were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 502 cases performed, a resident assisted with most surgeries (95%). The overall rate of positive margins was 30%, which was not associated with resident involvement. Interns assisting from July to September had significantly lower rates of positive margins. Margins were more likely to be positive following any given resident's first 3 cases on their breast rotation than throughout the remainder of their rotation. CONCLUSION: Although resident level alone does not influence the adequacy of BCS, experience gained over time does appear to be associated with lower rates of positive margins.

The implementation of a surgeon-directed quality improvement strategy in breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: The investigators designed a sustained, surgeon-directed, iterative project to improve the quality of breast cancer surgery in south central Ontario. METHODS: The strategy included audit and feedback of surgeon-selected quality indicators, workshops, and tailoring interviews. Workshops were held to discuss quality improvement strategies, select quality indicators, review audited results, and select interventions for subsequent implementation. Semistructured tailoring interviews were conducted to identify facilitators and barriers to improved quality. All presentations and results were disseminated to all surgeons performing breast surgery in the study region. RESULTS: Forty-four surgeons performing breast surgery across 12 hospitals are involved in the project. Five workshops have been held since 2005. Surgeons' enthusiasm and involvement in the project have been positive. Interim results demonstrated that over 4 audit cycles (2006-2010), the preoperative core biopsy rate increased from 73% to 92%. The tailoring interviews indicated that 18 of 21 surgeons performed preoperative core biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: This project highlights the feasibility of a surgeon-directed, iterative quality improvement strategy in breast cancer surgery. Interim results demonstrate consistent improvements in a key selected quality indicator.

Oncoplastic breast surgery: a regional Australian 2012 fellowship experience.

INTRODUCTION: Oncoplastic breast surgery (OBS) is a developing subspecialty, although many countries are struggling with how to incorporate training in OBS as part of the established breast surgery subspecialization pathways. UK and Brazil have surged ahead with established formal training programmes, whereas countries such as Australia still rely on ad hoc training by interested surgeons. Our aim was to review the possibility of including regional training centres with appropriate OBS expertise into a future formal training programme in OBS. METHODS: An 11-month self-audit was performed by the Fellow based in Port Macquarie, in a Breast Surgeons Society of Australia and New Zealand Incorporated accredited Fellowship. The audit template and reconstructive database, which were utilized in this study were supplied by Breast Surgeons Society of Australia and New Zealand Incorporated. RESULTS: OBS procedures made up 41% of total breast procedures performed, with 46% of these being performed by the Fellow. These oncoplastic procedures included 22 reconstructive breast procedures, with 15 (68%) being performed by the Fellow. These procedures involved mainly pedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction after mastectomy and breast implant reconstruction techniques. Minor and major complications accounted for a small percentage of operated cases and are discussed. DISCUSSION: Current British Association of Surgical Oncology (BASO) guidelines specify recommendations regarding BASO Level I and II OBS training, experience and exposure. Based on the experience during the fellowship presented in this audit, we discuss the merits of using regional Australian hospitals like Port Macquarie Base Hospital to make up the cohort of BASO Level I units to provide the core foundation experience in OBS to the next generation of Australian oncoplastic breast fellows.